Over the past decade, Tajikistan has seen a rapid rise in cross-border seasonal migration, affecting all aspects of Tajik society, the national economy and government policy. The majority of Tajik labour migrants work irregularly in Russia and other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), where they are vulnerable to exploitation and suffer considerable hardship. On the other hand, substantial benefits exist: Tajik migrant workers acquire new experiences, skills and contacts, and their remittances are crucial to the survival of many households in Tajikistan.